Image and video analysis with a low power, low bandwidth camera

ABSTRACT

A remote detection method, node, and system is described. The detector includes a wireless communications module that wirelessly transmits the detection message to a remote sensing device. The remote sensing device includes a camera having a field of view and wirelessly communicates with the detector. The remote illumination and detection method performs preliminary filtering of captured image data to determine images/frames of interest with a computer vision module on board a processor in the node. The images of interest are then transmitted to a cloud computing component via a wireless or cellular network for detailed analysis to determine the presence or absence of motion or an object in each image of interest. The cloud computing component may employ machine learning computations that time and energy intensive, such as convolutional neural networks.

CROSS REFERENCE

This patent application is a Continuation-In-Part of patent application Ser. No. 16/384,886 entitled REMOTE ILLUMINATION AND DETECTION METHOD, NODE AND SYSTEM filed on Apr. 15, 2019;

this patent application is a Continuation-In-Part of patent application Ser. No. 14/298,784 entitled REMOTE ILLUMINATION AND DETECTION METHOD, NODE AND SYSTEM filed on Jun. 6, 2014, which claims the benefit of provisional patent application 61/896,573 entitled REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM UTILIZING A SMARTPHONE filed on Oct. 28, 2013; and

all the patent applications identified above are incorporated by reference in this patent application filing in their entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to an autonomous system for remote illumination, remote image capture, and remote video capture. More specifically, the disclosure relates to solar powered systems performing advanced image and video analysis.

BACKGROUND

A wide range of business, scientific, law enforcement, manufacturing, and production applications require the ability to measure and collect data and imagery in remote locations. This data supports specific operational requirements such as site security and surveillance, opening gates, measuring water, electricity levels, or temperatures, as well as management reporting functions (i.e., trend information).

Remote sensing has the potential to be used in an even wider range of such applications as the value of information increases for many industry and business areas. Remote sensing applications are diverse and extensive. Remote sensing applications can be in fixed positions or mobile. Some of the applications include: water treatment, electrical power distribution and generation, oil and gas drilling and production, water management, motor racing, transportation, surveillance, military applications, environmental monitoring, scientific research, telemedicine, fishery and wildlife management and research, retail, law enforcement, energy management, testing, manufacturing, and facility and infrastructure management (e.g., bridges, tunnels and healthcare).

There is also a need and value in having remote still and video data for such functions as situational awareness, surveillance and security, alarm verification, documentation, and troubleshooting at the remote location.

Traditional remote measurement and sensing applications involve analog signals (e.g., thermistors to sense temperature) as well as digital signals (contact closures, relay outputs). Hardware for remote monitoring systems is generally purpose-designed around an embedded microprocessor, memory, modems, and IO. Modems and IO are often designed as modules in order to support configurations for different applications.

Most remote sensing applications have a requirement to operate standalone; without outside power. This is often done by solar power panels, or, increasingly, various means of energy harvesting. Remote sensing systems must be able to operate 24 hours per day, seven days per week when there is no sun, and in the case of power interruptions. Total power consumption then is a key design variable and contributes substantially to size, cost, and installation efforts. Smartphone platforms are designed for extremely low standby power consumption—often 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than traditional remote monitoring hardware.

Typical camera systems deployed for security or surveillance in outdoor settings employ motion detectors to control alarming functions, as well as the amount of video stored or transmitted. Such systems also typically employ illumination systems to enable image capture at night. Current state-of-the-art technology is a single node which integrates a camera, single or multi-sensor PIR for motion detection, and one or more illumination elements. The fields of view of the camera, passive infrared receivers (PIR), and illumination elements are designed to coincide.

There are a number of technologies for motion detection, with the most common being passive infrared receivers. Costs of perimeter surveillance systems are driven by the costs of the total number of cameras that must be deployed to cover a given area. In turn, the coverage capability of a given motion detection and illumination camera system is typically governed by the range capabilities of the motion detection and illumination components. Thus, the cost of motion detection and illumination camera systems are driven by the costs of the total number of illumination and detection devices that must be deployed to cover a given area.

The overall coverage range of a given camera system has also been limited by the camera capabilities such as pixel count. As camera pixel counts have improved dramatically, the design of more cost effective perimeter surveillance systems remains limited by the reach of the motion detection and illumination components, as well as the processing power required to handle the increasing pixel count of improved components.

An additional limiting factor in unlocking the potential of remote sensing technologies is the cost and complexity of the systems and processes required to implement remote sensing capabilities and applications. While camera pixel counts and smartphone designs have continued to improve, new complications have arisen in the implementation of these improved components. Digital image processing demands may outstrip the limited computing power available to an autonomously powered/operating monitoring device, which may have highly restricted power and space constraints. The technology underlying and facilitating image and video analysis is becoming more advanced and capable at an expeditious rate. But along with this, the computing requirements to deploy such functionality are growing just as fast. While CPU cycles have generally become very inexpensive, the electrical power required to run those CPU cycles is significant. The advanced image processing/analysis algorithms are, therefore, poorly suited for edge deployment on compact, autonomous platforms and instead belong in large data centers with practically unlimited available power and CPU cycles.

Avoiding local processing restrictions of the image and video data by transmitting that data over a cellular data network or other wireless network may be prohibitively costly for monitoring and detection applications. In order to effectively perform image and video processing and analysis for remote detection applications at data centers instead of on the edge cellular-enabled monitoring device that generates the images and video, the collected data must be continuously streamed over the cellular or wireless network. This is extremely expensive when the volume of media analyzed is large, which is the situation for nearly all monitoring and detection use cases. Inherent to most monitoring and detection applications, the volume of images and videos of interest is a small fraction of the total volume that must be analyzed before being differentiated into videos or images of interest and videos and images not of interest. This requires that all data must be transmitted to the data center for processing, despite the expense.

An improved perimeter security and surveillance solution would include an ability to capture highly quality video and image data covering a large area at low cost, an ability to provide illumination for night imaging over a large area at low cost, low-cost video and image data processing, and limited power requirements for the data capture, illumination, and processing in order to simplify cost of deployment and installation.

A system with these properties would provide a significant improvement in the price/performance capabilities of perimeter security systems by reducing the total number of cameras required to cover a given area of interest. The low power and wireless aspects provide additional improvements by lowering the total system cost by simplifying installation and maintenance of the system.

SUMMARY

A remote sensing system and method is described. The remote sensing system includes a network component communicatively coupled to the wide area network (WAN) and an enclosure housing a digital camera, a processor operating a computer vision module, a memory, a wireless communication interface, and a battery. The digital camera is fixed in position within the enclosure. The processor is communicatively coupled to the digital camera, the memory, and the wireless communication interface. The battery is electrically coupled to the digital camera, the processor, the memory, and the wireless communication interface. The computer vision module operating on the processor receives a plurality of images from the digital camera and filters those images based on a pixel size threshold for background motion. The wireless communication interface then transmits the filtered images to the network component over the WAN as an unstructured data set. The network component converts the unstructured data set by classifying the data with a machine learning module.

In another embodiment, the remote sensing method begins when a digital camera captures a video stream of a target area. A memory communicatively coupled to the digital camera stores the video stream locally. A processor communicatively coupled to both the digital camera and the memory filters the video stream according to a pixel size threshold that identifies possible background motion. A wireless communication interface communicatively coupled to the processor transmits portions of the video stream satisfying the pixel size threshold filter to a network component over a wide area network (WAN). The network component converts the received video stream portions into a structured data set by classifying the video stream portions with a machine learning module. The network component then issues a security alert when a portion of the video stream is classified as a security trigger.

In a further embodiment, the digital camera, processor, memory, wireless communication interface, battery, and computer vision module include a smartphone.

In a still further embodiment, the machine learning module includes an advanced neural network algorithm.

FIGURES

The present invention will be more fully understood by reference to the following drawings which are presented for illustrative, not limiting, purposes.

FIG. 1A shows an illustrative remote sensing device and a remote sensing system.

FIG. 1B shows an alternative illustrative remote sensing device that operates in a similar manner to the remote sensing device in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2 shows a detailed view of another illustrative remote sensing device and the associated hardware components.

FIG. 3 shows the electrical components for an illustrative smartphone.

FIG. 4 shows a plurality of illustrative sensors that may be operatively coupled to the smartphone, microcontroller, or any combination thereof.

FIG. 5 shows the illustrative software components for the remote sensing device and system.

FIG. 6 shows the combination of a remote sensing device and a sensor illumination node.

FIG. 7A shows a more detailed view of an illumination and detection node.

FIG. 7B shows a more detailed view of a remote illumination node.

FIG. 7C shows a more detailed view of a remote detection node.

FIG. 7D shows a remote illumination and detection node.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show an illustrative autonomous method for managing and controlling the remote sensing devices.

FIG. 9A shows a perspective view of an illustrative enclosure.

FIG. 9B shows a top view of the illustrative enclosure.

FIG. 10 shows a screenshot of an illustrative dashboard that logs data for the remote sensing system described above.

FIG. 11 shows an illustrative power saving method of operating a detection node.

DESCRIPTION

Persons of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the following description is illustrative and not in any way limiting. Other embodiments of the claimed subject matter will readily suggest themselves to such skilled persons having the benefit of this disclosure. It shall be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the systems, methods, and apparatuses described hereinafter may vary as to configuration and as to details. The systems may vary as to details and particular embodiments that reside on the network side and the elements that reside on the client side. Also, the methods may vary as to details, order of the actions, or other variations without departing from the illustrative methods disclosed here in. Additionally, the apparatuses may vary as to details such as size, configuration, mechanical elements, material properties, housings, and other such parameters.

The illustrative remote sensing device presented herein includes an enclosure with a smartphone and a microcontroller. The illustrative smartphone does not require hardware modification and supports software modification on the smartphone. Additionally, the illustrative smartphone housed by the enclosure presented herein is configured to interface with a microcontroller or circuit that is electrically coupled to the smartphone and can wirelessly communicate with a plurality of other remote sensors.

A remote sensing system that includes a network component such as an illustrative web application server is also described. In operation, the data from the remote sensors is communicated to the web application server via the microcontroller and the smartphone.

The microcontroller also communicates with a power management module that manages the power being fed from an auxiliary battery to the smartphone. The power management module manages the charging of the auxiliary battery. The power management module enables the smartphone to be powered with a sustainable, yet unreliable power source such as solar or wind power. Thus, the power management module can manage high power and low power conditions.

Smartphones are distinguished by powerful processors to handle images and video in real time including digitization of camera inputs. Also, smartphones include built-in wireless interfaces such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and 3G/4G mobile. Additionally, smartphones include extremely low power consumption and various low power operation modes. Furthermore, smartphones include built-in high capacity batteries and charging circuitry, and substantial memory including non-volatile storage for large amounts of data. Further still, smartphones include multi-tasking operating systems, including the ability to easily install and configure general purpose applications which can utilize phone hardware functions including communications. Further yet, smartphones also include multi-band cellular interfaces including efficient data transmission and hardware integration including custom ASICS that provide small size, low cost, and low power consumption.

Wireless carriers have device requirements to support devices operating on their network. If hardware modifications are made to a particular smartphone, then the particular smartphone has to be recertified. In one illustrative embodiment, there are no hardware changes that require recertification.

An auxiliary battery is also provided. The auxiliary battery is electrically coupled to the power management module and the illustrative solar panels. The solar panels charge the auxiliary battery, which then charges the smartphone battery.

By way of example and not of limitation, a passive infrared (PIR) sensor or a remote thermal infrared (TIR) sensor is presented as an element of the overall system that can operate independently of the microcontroller or smartphone presented herein. The illustrative remote PIR, TIR or combination thereof is configured to interface with other camera systems.

In operation, the illustrative remote sensing system provides a perimeter security and surveillance solution that has the ability to detect motion over a large area at low cost, an ability to provide illumination for night imaging over a large area at low cost, and limited power requirements for both motion detection and illumination in order to simplify cost of deployment and installation.

The illustrative system, method, and apparatuses presented herein provide a significant improvement in the price/performance capabilities of perimeter security systems by reducing the total number of cameras required to cover a given area of interest. The low power and wireless aspects provide additional improvements by lowering the total system cost by simplifying installation and maintenance of the system. Additionally, the modifications to achieve the autonomous operation presented herein are not intended to be limiting or specific to the illustrative Android operating system. Other operating systems such as Apple's iOS, Microsoft's Windows Phone, and other such smartphone operating systems may also be used.

Illustrative features of the remote sensing device, system, and method include support for a solar powered camera, image processing including image motion detection so that video is only streamed when something happens, and alarms only when intrusion is detected. Additionally, the remote sensing system enables a remote telemetry monitoring and control system to estimate power and bandwidth consumption. Furthermore, the remote sensing system also supports thermal management over a diurnal cycle with an auxiliary battery and a clean energy source such as solar or wind.

Referring to FIG. 1A there is shown an illustrative remote sensing device 100 and a remote sensing system 102. The illustrative remote sensing device 100 includes an enclosure 104, a smartphone 106, at least one sensor or actuator 108, and a microcontroller 110 having its own microprocessor. The illustrative remote sensing device is also referred to as an “MNode” and these terms may be used interchangeably in this patent. In the illustrative embodiment, the smartphone 106 is fixedly coupled to the enclosure 104. The illustrative smartphone 106 further includes a smartphone processor, a smartphone memory that is communicatively coupled to the smartphone processor, and a smartphone camera communicatively coupled to the smartphone processor and the smartphone memory. Further detail of the illustrative smartphone is provided in FIG. 3 below.

In one illustrative embodiment, the microcontroller 110 includes a power management module, a controller, and a wireless standard network interface. The illustrative microcontroller is electrically coupled to a power input 107, such as an auxiliary battery that is powered by a solar panel. The illustrative microcontroller is also electrically coupled to an illustrative data or communications line 109. Further detail of this illustrative embodiment is provided in FIG. 2 below.

Alternatively, the microcontroller may be more limited in its functionality and simply provide an interface for an external power supply and a battery charging circuit that is electrically coupled to the smartphone 106, as described in FIG. 1B below.

By way of example and not of limitation, the illustrative sensor or actuator 108 includes a motion detection sensor 108 a that signals when motion is detected and then triggers the smartphone camera 111 to capture at least one image. The illustrative motion sensor 108 a may be within the enclosure 104. In an alternative embodiment, the motion sensor 108 a may also be external to the enclosure and be communicatively coupled to the microcontroller using the WSN, Wi-Fi, NFC, a hardwired connection such as USB or Ethernet, and any other such communication methods or standards.

To allow imaging at night or during low light with the smartphone camera 111 sensor, the illustrative remote sensing system may also include at least one illumination node 112. Additionally, a plurality of illumination nodes 114 may be utilized to further extend the viewing range of the smartphone camera 111. The illumination nodes may be strategically located within the physical premises. Additionally, the illumination may occur inside the enclosure.

In one illustrative embodiment, the illustrative sensor 108 includes a daylight sensor that indicates when it is dark and causes the illumination node 112 to illuminate a nearby area so the smartphone camera can capture an illuminated image. Further detail of the illustrative illumination node is provided in FIGS. and 5 and 6 presented below.

In a further embodiment, the remote sensing device may also include a sensor 108 b or 108 c that is separated from the enclosure. The illustrative separate sensor 108 b includes a separate camera communicatively coupled to the smartphone 106 and a separate motion detection sensor 108 c that signals when motion is detected and sends a message using one of the smartphone communication interfaces to the separate camera, which then captures at least one image. By way of example and not of limitation, the separate sensor 108 b may be disposed inside the enclosure 104.

In a still further embodiment, the sensor 108 within the remote sensing device may also include a temperature sensor 108 a. The temperature sensor 108 a may be used to control a cooling component and a heating component that is described in further detail in FIG. 2 below.

The remote sensing device 100 is communicatively coupled to a network component 116, which includes by way of example and not of limitation an illustrative web application server 116. In one embodiment the web application server 116 a is disposed in a network cloud. In another embodiment the web application server 116 b is disposed on a premises based server. In certain embodiment, the network component may be a hybrid that includes the premises based server 116 b and the cloud based server 116 a.

The illustrative network or cloud based web application server 116 a and premises based web application server 116 b are both behind an illustrative hardware firewall 118 a and 118 b, respectively. Alternatively, communications with the web applications servers may be performed using a virtual private network (VPN) that does not require a hardware firewall and operates as a “software” firewall. In one illustrative embodiment, the network communications include wirelessly communicating with an illustrative base station 120 that is managed by a wireless carrier. Alternatively, communications with the remote sensing device include an illustrative Wi-Fi access point 122 that operates behind a software or hardware firewall 124, which is communicatively coupled to a modem 126 that, in turn, is communicatively coupled to the Internet.

The illustrative network component 116 includes a database that receives the sensor signal output and corresponding timestamp. The timestamp may be generated by the sensor, the smartphone, or other network device in the communications path between the sensor or actuator 108 or smartphone 106 and the network component 116. In another illustrative embodiment, the database is communicatively coupled to the networked module and logs the sensor signal output and timestamp communicated by the smartphone 106 or sensor 108.

By way of example and not of limitation, the illustrative network component for the remote sensing system includes a web application server that further includes the database. Additionally, the smartphone of the remote sensing system further includes a smartphone application that configures the smartphone to interface with the illustrative microcontroller 110. In alternative embodiment, the smartphone includes at least one Application Programming Interface (API) that receives the sensor signal output, and the API communicates the sensor signal output received by the smartphone to the database associated with the web application server.

In yet another embodiment, a power input 107 interfaces with input power gathered from an external source such as mains, solar panel, energy harvesting circuits, and other such power sources. One or more actuators 108 may be connected to the remote sensing device via wired or wireless interfaces, such as Ethernet, serial, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 802.15.4, Zigbee, or other low-power wireless sensing network interface. The remote sensing device 100 communicates with sensors to read sensed values, as well sensor configuration data. The remote sensing device 100 communicates with actuators to set output values. An illustrative USB 109 communications port, such as USB2, allows the remote sensing device 100 to receive user inputs and provide user feedback.

Referring to FIG. 1B there is shown an alternative illustrative remote sensing device 130 that operates in similar manner as the remote sensing device 100, except without the microcontroller 110. The remote sensing device 130 includes an enclosure 132, a smartphone 134, and at least one sensor or actuator 136. As described herein, the smartphone is fixedly coupled to the enclosure and includes a smartphone processor, a smartphone memory, smartphone battery, and a smartphone camera communicatively coupled to the smartphone processor and the smartphone memory.

In one illustrative embodiment, the smartphone camera 133 operates as an internal sensor that captures at least one image. The smartphone 134 generates a corresponding timestamp. The image and timestamp are then communicated to wide area network.

In another illustrative embodiment, the sensor 136 a is housed within the enclosure 132, and the sensor 136 a is electrically coupled and communicatively coupled to the smartphone 134 via the second smartphone network interface. Alternatively, the sensor or actuator 136 may include an external sensor 136 b that housed outside in the enclosure 132 and is separately powered, yet communicatively coupled to the smartphone 134.

In operation, at least one of the sensors 133, 136 a, or 136 b detects at least one sensor signal output and communicates the sensor signal output to the smartphone 134, which then communicates the sensor signal output and a corresponding timestamp to the wide area network. As presented above, the remote sensing device 130 is communicatively coupled to a networked module, which includes by way of example and not of limitation an illustrative web application server 116. In one embodiment the web application server 116 a is disposed in a network cloud and in another embodiment the web application server 116 b is disposed on a premises-based server. The illustrative cloud based web application server 116 a and premises-based web application server 116 b are both behind an illustrative hardware firewall 118 a and 118 b, respectively. Alternatively, communications with the web applications servers may be performed using a virtual private network (VPN) that does not require a hardware firewall and operates as a “software” firewall.

The illustrative web application server 116 may also be embodied as one of four fundamental cloud service models, namely, infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), software as a service (SaaS), and network as a service (NaaS). The cloud service models are deployed using different types of cloud deployments that include a public cloud, a community cloud, a hybrid cloud, and a private cloud.

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is the most basic cloud service model. IaaS providers offer virtual machines and other resources. The virtual machines, also referred to as instances, are run as guests by a hypervisor. Groups of hypervisors within the cloud operational support system support large numbers of virtual machines

and the ability to scale services up and down according to customers' varying requirements. laaS clouds often offer additional resources such as images in a virtual machine image library, raw (block) and file-based storage, firewalls, load balancers, IP addresses, virtual local area networks (VLANs), and software bundles. laaS cloud providers supply these resources on demand from their large pools installed in data centers. For wide area connectivity, the Internet can be used or virtual private networks (VPNs) can be used.

Platform as a service (PaaS) enables cloud providers to deliver a computing platform that may include an operating system, a programming language execution environment, a database, and a web server. Application developers can develop and run their software solutions on the PaaS without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. With some PaaS solutions, the system resources scale automatically to match application demand so that the cloud end user does not have to allocate resources manually.

Software as a service (SaaS) enables cloud providers to install and operate application software in the cloud. Cloud end users access the software from cloud clients. The cloud end users do not manage the cloud infrastructure and platform that run the application. The Saas application is different from other applications because of scalability. Scalability can be achieved by cloning tasks onto multiple virtual machines at run-time to meet the changing work demand. Load balancers in the Saas application distribute work over a set of virtual machines. To accommodate a large number of cloud end users, cloud applications may be multitenant and serve more than one cloud end user organization. Some Saas solutions may be referred to as desktop as a service, business process as a service, test environment as a service, communication as a service, etc.

The fourth category of cloud services is Network as a service (NaaS), in which the capability provided to the cloud service end user is to use a network/transport connectivity services, an inter-cloud network connectivity services, or the combination of both. Naas involves the optimization of resource allocations by considering network and computing resources as a unified whole, and traditional Naas services which include flexible and extended VPN and bandwidth on demand.

In addition to the smartphone 100 and smartphone 130, other “cloud” clients may access the networked module 116. These client devices include, but are not limited to, desktop computers, laptops, tablets, and other smartphones. Some of these cloud clients rely on cloud computing for all or a majority of their applications, and would be essentially useless without it. Many cloud applications do not require specific software on the client device and instead use a web browser to interact with the cloud application.

There are different types of cloud deployment models for the cloud-based service, which include a public cloud, a community cloud, a hybrid cloud, and a private cloud. In a public cloud, applications, storage, and other resources are made available to the general public by a service provider. These services are free or offered on a pay-per-use model.

The community cloud infrastructure is between several organizations from a community with common concerns, whether managed internally or by a third-party and hosted internally or externally; so the costs are spread over fewer users than a public cloud (but more than a private cloud).

The private cloud infrastructure is operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by a third-party and hosted internally or externally. A private cloud project requires virtualizing the business environment, and it requires that the organization reevaluate decisions about existing resources.

The hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple deployment models. Hybrid cloud architecture requires both on-premises resources and off-site (remote) server-based cloud infrastructure. Although hybrid clouds lack the flexibility, security, and certainty of in-house applications, a hybrid cloud provides the flexibility of in-house applications with the fault tolerance and scalability of cloud-based services.

The illustrative network component 116 may operate in any of the cloud service or cloud infrastructure models presented herein or which may readily suggest themselves to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this patent. The three primary software applications for the remote sensing system 102 include the smartphone 106 software module, the illustrative web application server 116 software module, the microcontroller 110 firmware module, and firmware running in any of the remote sensors or actuators.

The illustrative smartphone 106 software module includes a local software module configured to be executed on the smartphone 106. By way of example and not of limitation, a smartphone using the Android operating system is configured to run a software application that communicates with the illustrative web application server 116 software module.

The illustrative smartphone 106 software module is also configured to receive configuration parameters from the web application server 116, which control the operation of the remote sensing device 100 or 130. These configuration parameters allow programming the remote sensing device 100 or 130 to schedule when logged data in the remote sensing device 100 or 130 software module is uploaded to the management node for archival and/or viewing. The control parameters also include the frequency the smartphone 106 software module should contact the illustrative web application server 116 that is configured to retrieve any pending commands. The control parameters also include “events” or a schedule that cause an image, a video, or an analog or digital input to be captured by the remote sensing device 100 or 130. An illustrative analog or digital input includes a Passive Infrared (PIR) motion detection input. Another control parameter includes conditions to test for generating alarms, such as an alarm caused by PIR triggering. Yet another control parameter includes sending a destination and at least one message for each condition that occurs.

The illustrative web application server 116 software module includes a web-based application that executes in the cloud and communicates with all registered remote sensing devices 100 or 130. The illustrative web application server 116 software module is also configured to archive data from the remote sensing devices 100 or 130 and provide end users with a graphical interface for interacting with the remote sensing devices.

As described herein, the illustrative web application server 116 may reside in the cloud and include a mirror of collected data, controls for setting configuration and managing multiple remote devices, controls to deal with billing based on device, controls for billing data access, network usage, controls to deal with end sensor device network management include sensor device registration, and automating device configuration such as carrier based service limits. In yet another illustrative embodiment, the illustrative web application server 116 may also operate as a distributed system.

The illustrative microcontroller 110 firmware module performs power management supervision, alarming, wireless sensor node management, and manages environmental controls that provide heating and/or cooling. The illustrative microcontroller 110 firmware module communicates with the smartphone 106 software module via USB. In an alternate embodiment, the illustrative microcontroller 110 firmware module is configured to communicate with the smartphone 106 software module with a wireless communication protocol such as Wi-Fi, NFC, or Bluetooth.

In an alternative embodiment, a low-power processor or dedicated motherboard construction having independent memory are fixed in position within the enclosure in place of a smartphone. In this alternative embodiment, smartphone components may be utilized without the need for an enclosure. Smartphone components are adapted to be utilized in a low power and low bandwidth environment.

In this alternative embodiment, the processor and memory are electrically coupled to the battery and communicatively coupled to a digital camera and a wireless communications interface (e.g., a network card). The digital camera is fixed in position within the enclosure with the processor and memory, in a desired orientation so that the view of the digital camera covers a target location. The processor may operate in the dual capacity of the smartphone processor (e.g., managing operation of the camera and applications that would otherwise run on the smartphone) and the microcontroller (e.g., managing power cycles of the digital camera, running the power management module, etc.). Thus, the low-power processor removes the need for a microcontroller in addition to the smartphone processor, now performing the operations of both the smartphone processor and the microcontroller.

Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a detailed view of another illustrative remote sensing device 200 and the associated hardware components. An illustrative smartphone 202 executes the smartphone 106 software module and performs remote sensing, alarming, and data archival. The illustrative remote sensing device 200 includes a microcontroller 204 that further includes a power management module 206, a controller 208, a wireless sensor network (WSN) interface 210, a temperature sensor 212 such as a thermistor operatively coupled to the microcontroller, a cooler element 216, and a heater element 214 that are also communicatively coupled to the microcontroller 204. The microcontroller 204 includes a wireless sensor network (WSN) 210 interface that can operate with additional wireless standards that are not supported by the smartphone 202.

The controller 208 includes a microcontroller firmware module 209, which manages and controls power management processes including reporting battery level, alarming devices at threshold levels, and communicating with wireless sensor nodes using the wireless sensor network 210. Specific input events received by the controller 208 notify the smartphone to perform a particular operation. For example, the microcontroller firmware module 209 may be triggered to take a picture when a motion detector fires. In another illustrative example, the microcontroller firmware module 209 may be triggered to maintain the temperature within the enclosure 220 within a required temperature range that keeps the smartphone 202 working properly.

Additionally, the illustrative microcontroller firmware 209 includes code that executes on the controller 208 and performs power management supervision, alarming, wireless sensor node management, and environmental controls operations such as heating and cooling. In the illustrative embodiment, the microcontroller firmware module 209 communicates with the smartphone software module 211 via USB. In an alternative embodiment, the microcontroller firmware module 209 communicates with the smartphone software module 211 via a wireless interface such as NFC, Bluetooth, or Wi-Fi.

Additionally, the WSN interface 210 is configured to interface with one or more remote sensors or other such Input/Output devices that can communicate using the WSN interface 210. This allows remote inputs to be read by the remote sensing device 200.

In operation, the illustrative power management module 206 provides input power conditioning of the external power input and battery charging circuitry, feeding both the internal smartphone battery and the auxiliary battery 218 with a charge signal. The controller 208 communicates with the power management module 206 and is configured to turn the smartphone 202 on or off. Thus, the controller 208 and power management module may operate together to regulate how and when power is consumed by the smartphone 202, by regulating battery charging, regulating battery discharging, managing smartphone background applications, managing smartphone foreground applications. The controller 208 may also communicate with the power management module 206 to determine a camera light setting (i.e., flash, high light, low light, etc.), an image capture rate, and an image capture resolution.

An enclosure 220 houses the smartphone 202, electronic circuit 204, temperature sensor 212, cooler 216, and heater 214. This enclosure 202 seals these components from the environment and provides an appropriate thermal environment which can be temperature controlled to maintain internal temperatures within allowable range in the face of ambient temperature fluctuations. In the illustrative embodiment, the enclosure 220 is fabricated from materials that do not attenuate RF signals in the bands used by cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC, and wireless sensor networks.

In the illustrative embodiment, the microcontroller 204 connects to the smartphone with a USB connection. In the illustrative embodiment, the ADB protocol is used with the USB connection in order to allow the microcontroller 204 to communicate with the smartphone 202 in a flexible fashion. Other protocols for communicating over a USB serial link or alternative wireless link embodiment may also be employed.

The smartphone software module 211 executing on the smartphone 202 is configured to communicate with the microcontroller 204 over USB, thereby allowing the phone 202 to have access to power management functions, as well as nodes attached to the WSN. Other modes and protocols for communication between the microcontroller 204 and the smartphone 202 will be apparent to one skilled in the art.

In certain embodiments, the smartphone 202 may be fitted with an optional external lens to provide narrower field of view or dynamic zoom capabilities. Additionally, the remote sensing device 200 may include an electro-mechanical mechanism that enables the remote sensing device to point itself (and correspondingly, the camera field of view) within a larger overall field of regard using a pan-tilt mechanism. This pan-tilt mechanism may be controlled by the remote sensing device 200 based on locally-executing logic, or based on events detected by the attached WSN nodes, or based on remote user inputs.

The cooling component 216 within the enclosure 220 cools the smartphone and the sensors housed by the enclosure when the temperature rises above a first threshold temperature that is measured by the temperature sensor. The heating component within the enclosure heats the smartphone and/or the sensors and/or the batteries housed by the enclosure when the temperature falls below a second threshold temperature that is measured by the temperature sensor.

In operation, the controller 208 communicates control signals to the smartphone 202. The controller 208 controls the power management module 206 and decides whether to feed power to the smartphone or not. Thus, the controller optimizes power management by enabling the smartphone to enter and exit a sleep mode. In one illustrative embodiment, the smartphone software module 211 includes a power logic module and the microcontroller 204 includes a separate power logic module, in which the microcontroller 204 may decide to put the smartphone in sleep mode. The controller 204 also regulates the internal temperature of the enclosure so that the phone does not overheat or get too cold.

The power management module 206 performs battery charging operations and state of charge measurements for the auxiliary battery 218 and for the smartphone 202. The power management module 206 includes a battery charging circuit that charges the auxiliary battery 218. The power management module includes a high power mode and a low power mode. The controller also manages the power being fed from the auxiliary battery 218 to the smartphone 202. The power management module 206 manages the charging of the auxiliary battery 218. The power management module 206 enables the smartphone to be powered with a sustainable, yet unreliable power source such as solar or wind power. Thus, the power management module can manage high power and low power conditions.

The operations of the microcontroller 204 may also be performed by the smartphone processor, smartphone memory, and smartphone wireless transceivers communicatively to the local sensors. In that case, the illustrative smartphone would have to be powered with a typical 5V power connection. Current smartphones support Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and NFC and can use these wireless communication standards to communicate with other sensors. The smartphone may be powered with solar panel adapters that provide the required 5V charging power for a smartphone.

Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown the electrical components for an illustrative smartphone 300. For purposes of this patent, the illustrative smartphone 300 is a multimode wireless device that includes a first antenna element 302 that is operatively coupled to a duplexer 304, which is operatively coupled to a multimode transmitter module 306, and a multimode receiver module 308.

An illustrative control module 318 includes a digital signal processor (DSP) 312, a processor 314, and a CODEC 316. The control module 318 is communicatively coupled to the transmitter 306 and receiver 308. The transmitter module and receiver module are typically paired and may be embodied as a transceiver. The illustrative transmitter 306, receiver 308, or transceiver is communicatively coupled to antenna element 302.

The DSP 312 may be configured to perform a variety of operations such as controlling the antenna 302, the multimode transmitter module 306, and the multimode receiver module 308. The processor 314 is operatively coupled to a sensor 320, such as a camera. In operation, the camera sensor 320 is configured to be managed and controlled by the smartphone processor.

The processor 314 is also operatively coupled to a memory 322, a display 324, and a charging circuit 326. The charging circuit is operatively coupled to a smartphone battery 328.

Additionally, the processor 314 is also operatively coupled to the CODEC module 316 that performs the encoding and decoding operations and is communicatively coupled to a microphone 330 and a speaker 332. The CODEC module 316 is also communicatively coupled to the display 324 and provides the encoding and decoding operations of captured video.

The memory 322 includes two different types of memory, namely, volatile memory 323 and non-volatile memory 325. The volatile memory 323 is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information, such as random access memory (RAM). The non-volatile memory 325 can retain stored information even when the wireless communication device 300 is not powered up. Some illustrative examples of non-volatile memory 325 include flash memory, ROM memory, and hard drive memory.

Smartphone 300 may also be referred to as a mobile handset, mobile phone, wireless phone, portable cell phone, cellular phone, portable phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a tablet, a portable media device, a wearable computer, or any type of mobile terminal which is regularly carried by an end user and has all the elements necessary for operation in the remote sensing system. The wireless communications include, by way of example and not of limitation, 3G, 4G, L TE, CDMA, WCDMA, GSM, UMTS, or any other wireless communication system such as wireless local area network (WLAN), Wi-Fi or WiMAX. Additionally, the smartphone 300 may also be connected via USB (or via the Microcontroller) to an external Satellite modem in order to provide an alternative to Mobile or Wi-Fi for WAN connection.

Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown a plurality of illustrative sensors 400 that may be operatively coupled to the smartphone, microcontroller, or combination thereof. The sensors include an RGB camera 402 that may be used to capture images, videos, or any combination thereof. Another sensor includes an infrared (IR) camera 404 the may be used to capture IR images, IR videos, or any combination thereof. A proximity sensor 406 may be used to detect a person entering a particular location, and the proximity sensor 406 may operate using an IR sensor. An ambient light sensor 408 or photo sensor detects changes in light, and the changes in light may be generally associated with a responsive input. A temperature sensor 410 detects the temperature, which may be generally associated with a responsive input. A pressure sensor 412 detects the pressure and is generally associated with a responsive input, e.g. change in pressure may indicate change in weather. A GPS or location sensor 414 may also be used to determine or provide the location of smartphone, microcontroller or any combination thereof. Also, a microphone 416 may be utilized as a sound sensor. Additionally, auxiliary sensors for connecting to smartphones are known in the art; these illustrative sensors take the form of a “sled” or phone “case” that incorporates a sensor that is not available inside the smartphone, e.g. a thermal camera. Such a smartphone “peripheral” can easily be incorporated and provide an additional sensor in the system.

FIG. 5 shows the illustrative software components for the remote sensing device and system described herein. The illustrative software components 211 are configured to be executed within the standard operating system framework on the smartphone hardware described above. In the illustrative embodiment, at least one the software components 211 is configured to communicate with the microcontroller described herein. Typical operating system services and resources are available to the software modules and enable them to execute functions as required, and to access system resources such as the camera and non-volatile memory.

The first component of the software architecture includes the remote application interface module 502 which manages the interaction with the remote user and any remote management application. More specifically, the remote application interface module 502 is configured to communicate with the illustrative WebApp Server 116 (shown in FIG. 1). The remote application interface module 502 processes commands for changing the configuration data 504, retrieves the collected data 506, and receives immediate readings from attached sensors or the camera. The illustrative remote application interface is also responsible for sending any alarms or notifications generated by event and data manager 508.

The illustrative collected data component 506 includes an illustrative database store of data acquired from the camera and/or any attached sensors collected by the configuration data 504 specification.

The illustrative configuration data component 504 includes parameters that relate to the configuration of the remote sensing system, including configurable aspects of data collection. By way of example and not of limitation, data collection parameters include specification of the conditions upon which to begin and end data collection for each point, the frequency of sampling, etc. These conditions may have programmatic meaning because they are based on values of other sampled data. For example, the camera can be trigged to store an image or a video clip when an attached motion detector is activated.

The illustrative configuration data component 504 also includes a specification for events and notifications based in measured values from attached sensors and camera(s). By way of example and not of limitation, an alarm can be set such that if an attached temperature sensor reads above a certain value, then an email, text message, or phone call is made to the specified addresses.

In the illustrative embodiment, a sensor network management module 510 is configured to communicate with any sensors attached to or communicatively coupled to the remote sensing system.

An illustrative event and data manager 508 module is configured to ensure data is collected according to configuration data component 504. Additionally, the event data manager 508 is further configured to generate alarms and notifications according to configuration data component 504. The event and data manager 508 also provides analytics. The event data manager 508 includes logic to detect events based on collected data. For example, one illustrative embodiment is a video motion detection function that utilizes video or images from the camera to determine if there is motion present in the scene. Such motion would result in a motion detection event, which may then be communicated or used to trigger other events or actions.”

In the illustrative embodiment, the integrated camera 512 may be connected to an optional lens that is integral with the enclosure and the camera/enclosure mounting system. The illustrative camera 512 can be accessed from the smartphone operating system in order to capture still images or video clips. Depending on the smartphone used, the camera may also include flash or other auxiliary mechanism to enhance image quality under various conditions.

In an alternative embodiment, an optional second camera communicates with the smartphone via Wi-Fi or other short-range wireless technology supported by the smartphone (NFC, Bluetooth, etc.) The smartphone controls the auxiliary camera to configure, capture images/video, etc. as if the auxiliary camera were built into the smartphone. Images from the external camera are transferred over the wireless interface to the smartphone and then are treated as if they were captured from the smartphone's internal camera.

The illustrative camera management module 514 manages the integrated and optional auxiliary cameras to capture still or video imagery based on commands from the event and data manager 508, and then stores those captured images in the collected data 506.

The smartphone software components 211 are configured to operate at very low power. All programmed events (such as timed data logging and schedules for upload of data) are analyzed, and the smartphone software application utilizes operating system features to place the phone into low power mode. Low power mode is exited when either the timer has expired, or a message has arrived from the microcontroller over USB, indicating an urgent 10 event has occurred.

In one illustrative embodiment, an algorithm operating on the microcontroller reads the thermistor and controls the heater and cooler to maintain internal temperature within operating range of the smartphone.

FIG. 6 shows the combination of a remote sensing device and a sensor illumination node, which may be used as a perimeter security system. The illustrative remote sensing device 602 includes one of the remote sensing devices presented above and the corresponding hardware and software architecture.

In FIG. 6, the illustrative remote sensing device 602 includes a camera having a field of view 604. During the day, the sunlight provides enough light to fully illuminate the field of view of the camera of the remote sensing device 602.

However, at night, a single light source is unable to illuminate the entire field of view 604. To better illuminate the entire field of view 604, a plurality of sensor illumination nodes 606 are used. Each sensor illumination node 606 includes a sensor and an illuminator that provides a sensor illumination field of view 608. For example, the sensor illumination nodes 606 a, 606 b, 606 c, 606 d and 606 e have a corresponding sensor illumination field of view 608 a, 608 b, 608 c, 608 d and 608 e, respectively.

In operation, each sensor illumination node 606 senses motion or other events of interest in the vicinity of that particular sensor illumination node 606. When the sensor illumination node 606 detects an event, the particular sensor illumination node 606 sends a message to the remote sensing device 602 using the illustrative wireless sensor network. The remote sensing device may then instruct the particular sensor illumination node 606 to turn on the illumination so that imagery can be captured at night or with increased fidelity. The sensor illumination nodes 606 are closer to the event or subject of interest than just a remote sensing device. As a result, a larger area can be covered by the wirelessly networked sensor nodes, in spite of sensing range limitations and illumination range limitations associated with the sensor illumination nodes 606.

Referring to FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C there is shown a remote illumination and detection node, a remote illumination node, and a remote detection node, respectively. More generally, a remote illumination and detection method 730 is also shown in FIG. 7D.

The illustrative remote illumination and detection method 730 is initiated at block 732 where a detector generates a detection message when motion is detected by the detector. The illustrative detector includes a first wireless communications module that wirelessly transmits the detection message to a remote sensing device as described in block 734.

At block 736, the remote sensing device then proceeds to generate an illumination instruction to illuminate an area within the field of view, when the remote sensing device receives the detection message. The illustrative remote sensing device includes a camera having a field of view and a second wireless communications module that communicates with the first wireless communications module associated with the detector. The first wireless communications module and the second wireless communications module use the same wireless communication protocol.

The method then proceeds to block 738 where the remote sensing device transmits the illumination instruction to an illuminator. The illuminator is communicatively coupled to a third wireless communications module that is communicatively coupled to the second communication module associated with the remote sensing device.

At block 740, an area near the illuminator is illuminated, when motion is detected by the detector and the illumination instruction is received by the illuminator.

Referring now to FIG. 7A, there is shown an illustrative illumination and detection node 607 a that is communicatively coupled to the remote sensing device 720 a. The illumination and detection node 607 a embodiment includes a motion or event detector 702 a and an illuminator 708 a that share the same housing, a microprocessor 704 a, and network interface module 706 a. The illustrative illumination and detection node 607 a share a network interface module that includes at least one wireless communication module that operates using a wireless communication protocol such as WSN, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC, and other such wireless communications standards.

In operation, the detector 702 a generates the detection message when motion is detected. The detection message is wirelessly communicated from the illumination and detection node 607 a to the remote sensing device 720 a. The remote sensing device 720 a may then proceed to generate an illumination instruction, which is then communicated to the illumination and detection node 607 a. The area near the illuminator 708 a is illuminated when the illumination instruction communicated by the remote sensing device 720 a is received by the illumination and detection node 607 a. The illuminator may remain on until another illumination instruction is received that instructs the illuminator to turn off. The illumination and detection node 607 a includes a battery 714 a electrically coupled to a charge circuit 712 a that is electrically coupled to a solar panel 710 a. Alternatively, power may be provided from other energy sources such as a gasoline or diesel generator, the electrical grid, wind energy and other such energy sources.

Referring to FIG. 7B, there is shown an illustrative remote illumination system that includes an illumination node 607 b communicatively coupled to a remote sensing device 720 b, which in turn is communicatively coupled to a remote detector 722. An illuminator 702 b is housed within the remote illuminator node 607 b that illuminates the area near the illuminator 702 b. The illumination node 702 b is communicatively coupled to remote sensing device 720 b which is communicatively coupled to remote detector 722. When the remote detector 722 detects motion, a detection message is generated that is communicated to the remote sensing device 720 b using a wireless communication protocol. The remote sensing device includes a camera having a field of view and a remote sensing wireless communications module that receives the detection message from the remote detector. The remote sensing device then determines whether to generate an illumination message. For example, the illumination message may be generated when it is dark or there is a power outage or other such event that would require illuminating the area near the illuminator and within the field of view of the remote sensing device 720 b camera.

The remote illumination node 607 b includes a remote illumination housing, a wireless network interface module 706 b, a processor 704 b, the illuminator 702 b, and a battery 714 b electrically coupled to a charge circuit 712 b. In the illustrative embodiment the charge circuit 712 b is electrically coupled to a solar panel 71 Ob. The wireless network interface module 706 b is communicatively coupled to the remote sensing device 720 b. The processor 704 b receives the illumination instruction to illuminate a nearby area when motion is detected by the remote detector 722. The illuminator 702 b is operatively coupled to the processor and illuminates a nearby area when the illuminator 702 b receives the illumination instruction. The illuminator may remain on until another illumination instruction is received that instructs the illuminator to turn off. The battery 714 b powers the illuminator 702 b, the processor 704 b and the wireless network interface module 706 b.

Referring to FIG. 7C, there is shown a remote detection node 607 c communicatively coupled to remote sensing device 720 c, which communicates with remote illuminator 724. The remote detection node 607 c houses a motion or event detector 702 c that detects motion in the field of view of the remote sensing device 720 c. When motion is detected by the remote detection node 607 c, a detection message is generated and communicated to the remote sensing device 720 c. The area near the illuminator 724 is illuminated when the detection message generated by the remote detection node 607 c is received by the remote sensing device 720 c, and the remote sensing device 720 c determines that an illumination instruction must be generated and communicated to the remote illuminator node 724. The illuminator may remain on until another illumination instruction is received that instructs the illuminator to turn off.

The remote detection node 607 c includes a housing, a wireless network interface module 706 c communicatively coupled to the remote sensing device 720 c, a detector 702 c, a processor 704 c and a battery 714 c. The battery 714 c is electrically coupled to a charge circuit 712 c, which is electrically coupled to a solar panel 71 0 c. The motion or event detector 702 c is operatively coupled to the processor 704 c and detects motion in the field of view of the camera corresponding to the remote sensing device 720 c. The detector 702 c generates a detection message, when motion is detected. The detection message is communicated wirelessly to the remote sensing device 720 c. The battery powers the detector, the processor and the wireless network interface module.

By way of example and not of limitation, the illuminator 708 a, 702 b and 724 may include a low power infrared or visible LED or laser output. Additionally, the illustrative detector 702 a, 722, and 702 c may include an infrared detector, RF-based motion sensor, a vibration-based motion sensor, a light-beam based presence sensor, or an optically-based motion detection module (e.g. camera that includes image processing).

In operation, a person walking across the detection field of the illustrative motion or event detector 702 a, 722 and 702 c would be detected. When it is dark, the illustrative remote sensing devices 720 a, 720 b and 720 c sends a signal to the illuminator 708 a, 702 b, and 724, respectively, to illuminate a nearby area. The signal to the illuminator may be sent after a specific delay time that models the time required for the illumination instruction generated by the remote sensing device to be sent, received, and acted upon. The illuminator 708 a, 702 b, and 724 then illuminates the scene for a particular period of time that allows the remote sensing device 720 a, 720 b and 720 c, respectively, to complete its image acquisition.

In another embodiment, a day/night sensor automatically turns on the illuminator when motion is detected at night time, and then sends a message to the remote sensing device. In yet another embodiment, the detector 702 a, 722 and 702 c includes an infrared detector having a low power design system that is excited by incoming infrared energy. The microprocessor and network interface module execute a low-power sleep mode until a motion detection event. A hardware interrupt mechanism may be used to wake the microprocessor and network interface module from the sleep modes.

The motion or event detector 702 a, 722 and 702 c may be based on other technologies such as a laser-based “trip-line,” vibration sensors, RF based motion sensors, optically-based motion sensors or sound sensors. Each of these types of sensors is aimed at detecting an event of interest that is to trigger further sensing by way of illuminated imaging.

The illustrative illuminator 708 a, 702 b, and 724 utilizes an infrared LED or other modern, low-power illumination technology that generates the necessary light output. The LED or laser-based illumination may operate in visible or infrared bands depending on the imaging application. The microcontroller 704 manages activation of the illumination so that power consumption is minimized. The techniques for minimizing power consumption include minimizing duty cycle by both the total time the illumination is on, and by using PWM to modulate total power to the system.

The illustrative solar panel 710 provides electricity converted from solar energy to the charge circuit 712. The charge circuit 712 manages charging the battery 714 from the available solar energy and distributes power to the other hardware components. Additionally, the system may operate using an external non-solar power energy source.

The remote sensing device 720 may also incorporate a mechanical device or other such devices for changing the camera's field of view within a larger field of regard. Each motion or event detector 702 a, 722 and 702 c or illuminator 708 a, 702 b, and 724 may be associated with a position of the camera within this larger field of regard. A field of regard includes the area covered by the sensor or detector when pointing to all mechanically possible positions. When a sense-event message such as the detection message is received by the remote sensing device, the camera may then adjust its field of view within the field of regard that is associated with one of the motion or event detector 702 a, 722 and 702 c or illuminator 708 a, 702 b, and 724. This mechanism further extends the total field of coverage of the surveillance system substantially.

In the illustrative embodiments of the remote system presented herein, a networked system includes one or more endpoints and a camera system with node-capable viewing the desired field of regard. Each endpoint may include a solar panel, solar charging system, internal battery, low-power wireless communications interface, microcontroller, daylight sensor, motion detection sensor such as PIR, or low-power illumination module such as LED.

Referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B, there is shown an illustrative autonomous method for managing and controlling the remote sensing devices. The method is initiated at block 802 where the smartphone operating system boot sequence is modified so that the operating system will automatically start from a full unpowered state, i.e. battery dead state, without requiring a user screen interaction. Alternatively, the microcontroller turns on the smartphone. More specifically, smartphones include a bootloader program that is responsible for starting the operating system, as well as some peripherals such as the battery charging system. The bootloader program is capable of detecting when power is applied to the phone via the USB port. Normally phones require an external user input, e.g. press power button, in order to boot the operating system. In the illustrative method presented herein, the bootloader program is modified so that a power input will start the operating system at any time power is available, without any user input.

This automatic boot from poweroff is achieved as follows: When the device is fully powered off, pressing the power key or applying power via the USB cable will trigger a section of code (called “u-boot”). This code is part of the Android operating system framework adapted to a specific phone. The u-boot code determines the reason for power up. If the reason was the power key press, a normal Android boot is initiated. If the USB was the reason, the then operating system normally boots to a “charge only” mode. A modification to this “u-boot” code causes the phone to boot to Android no matter the reason for the power up (i.e., in both USB-connect and button-press cases).

In some Android systems, a “power off” (via power button) does not completely power down the phone, but instead places Android into a low power state. In this case, the u-boot logic does not execute when the power-button or USB input is triggered. Instead, a system-level executable is in control of the phone. This system level executable also includes logic for entering a “charge-only” state upon USB input. The present invention also modifies the logic in this system-level executable so that the USB input will boot Android, avoiding a “charge only” state.

The specific location and mechanism for the operating system/phone to decide whether to boot to Android or remain in a “charge only” state may vary from specific phone hardware platform. However, the basic mechanism can be found and one skilled in the art can see that that logic can be similarly modified even in hardware platforms that partition the logic differently. For example, in an alternate embodiment, the smartphone may be modified to connect the user power switch to the microcontroller, and the microcontroller firmware may then control the user power switch to turn on the smartphone, thereby eliminating the need to modify the bootloader.

A second part of the present invention relating to automatic start of the application includes automatically launching the MNode application upon operating system reboot. This is achieved by the MNodeApp registering to have itself launched when the Android “ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED” intent is broadcast (when the Android boot process is complete).

The method then proceeds to block 804 where a software module is installed on the remote sensing device. More particularly, a remote sensing device software module or “application” is installed and executed on the smartphone. The remote sensing device software module provides all required functions for operation as a presented herein.

The method then proceeds to block 806 where the remote sensing software module registers with the smartphone operating system in such a way that the remote sensing module will be automatically started anytime the operating system is started.

At block 808, the method then proceed with the remote sensing software module initiating wireless communications by opening an illustrative built-in cellular network communications channel, an illustrative built-in Wi-Fi network communications channel, or other such communications channel according to the configuration defined by the smartphone and the remote sensing software module.

In operation, the MNode is configured by an end user or manufacturer to utilize either a Wi-Fi or cellular network. This is achieved by the user connecting to the system via USB2 or Bluetooth. This interface allows the user to select the Wi-Fi or cellular interface, and to configure the interface, e.g. enter Wi-Fi SSID/Passwords.

The method then proceeds to block 810 where the remote sensing software module is configured to automatically register the remote sensing device with the illustrative web application server over a Local Area Network with the illustrative Wi-Fi network communications channel. Additionally, the illustrative remote sensing software module is configured to automatically register the remote sensing device over a Wide Area Network, such as the Internet, with the illustrative built-in cellular communications channel. The registration process establishes communications between the remote sensing software module and the selected web application server.

Upon deployment, the MNode uses the designated network to communicate to the web application server which is running at a fixed IP address. This allows the MNode to become part of the monitoring network without having a fixed IP address, and this ability to operate without the MNode fixed IP is critical to operating on a cellular network. This architecture also has the additional advantage of not requiring any firewall or router configuration modifications in order for the MNode to operate on LANs that have a firewall/router between the LAN on the Internet.

Once registered with the WebApp Server, the MNode requests a configuration to be downloaded that includes the program parameters for the MNodeApp including: when to trigger pictures, when to upload data, how often or under what conditions to log data, which events to notify user, etc.

At block 812, the remote sensing software module requests a configuration from the web application server, which controls the operation of the remote sensing software module including logging of data and images, alerts and notifications, and periodic upload of data to at least one web application server.

One illustrative programmable parameter of the MNode includes the “heartbeat” period, which is the length of time the MNode will wait to contact the WebApp server again. Since the MNode is not required to have a fixed IP address, the architecture is that the MNode contacts the WebApp server in order for any communications to take place.

The heartbeat is a programmable schedule at which the MNode contacts the WebApp server in order to receive messages pending from the WebApp server, and to upload any data pending to be uploaded from MNode to server. In typical remote sensing systems, the server contacts the remote nodes to establish communications. The heartbeat architecture of the present invention provides several advantages over prior art including: (a) does not require remote node to have fixed IP address or any other fixed address, (b) simplifies the WebApp server in not having to maintain list of active devices until those devices first contact the WebApp, (c) provides enhanced security from denial of service and other network level attacks on the remote node.

The heartbeat schedule in the MNode is programmable, and includes two “levels” of communications frequency. A first frequency (“short heartbeat”) is a higher frequency of communications and is used once the MNode contacts the WebApp server and finds a message pending. This short heartbeat is used until a timeout period has been reached (“heartbeat timeout”), at which time the MNode reverts to a second longer heartbeat frequency (“long heartbeat”). This scheme allows a beneficial tradeoff between system responsiveness and power consumption; the long heartbeat allows lower system duty cycles, while the short heartbeat allows responsive user interaction with the system. In an alternative embodiment, these heartbeats may be modified dynamically based on time of day, user interaction, or other factors, in order to further optimize the tradeoff between power consumption and system responsiveness.

Another known problem with distributed and networked systems includes “registering” the device with the server or other nodes, so that that new device becomes known to the system. This registration may also include initialization procedures and data that may be required for the new remote node to properly operate as part of the network. Traditionally, this is performed by an external process for the server to know about the node, such as entering a serial number or network address. In the present invention, the “reverse” communications architecture along with the “heartbeat” mechanism, are used to simplify the provisioning. An MNode coming from the factory, or from a virgin state, transitions to an active state by sensing a power input (or other means). Once in this active state, the MNode will use the heartbeat mechanism described above to contact the server. If this is the first time the MNode has contacted the web application server, a “provisioning process” is triggered, whereby the web application server provisions that device into the network and thereby enables subsequent communications and management of the node by the web application server. This method of automated provisioning simplifies the process and removes the burden from the user of configuring a node into the network.

Once the web application server initiates the provisioning process with the newly discovered MNode, additional provisioning steps can easily be included such as updating the MNode with the latest firmware revisions, and configuring the device to the proper initial state.

The method then proceeds to block 814 where the remote sensing software module disposed on the smartphone, controller, or the combination thereof determines whether to enter a “hibernate” mode or state. In the hibernate state, the smartphone phone shuts itself off and the illustrative controller firmware module removes power input from the smartphone. The hibernate mode includes an extreme low power state that can be entered and exited via user input from the USB2. By way of example and not of limitation, the hibernate mode is used to ship the unit from the factory to the user so that battery is not significantly discharged during this transition when no power input is available.

By way of example and not of limitation, the microcontroller issues a “reboot-p” command to the phone via the ADB shell connection; this powers off the smartphone. The microprocessor then cuts power to the smartphone and then enters sleep mode itself, but ensures that the USART stays active. For example, every eight seconds the smartphone wakes up via a watchdog alarm and checks the serial port for the wakeup command, and checks if power was applied, also triggering a wakeup. When the appropriate instruction is received, the microprocessor restores power to the phone. By way of example and not of limitation, a “Boot to Android” firmware mode may be installed in the phone, which causes the phone to boot up and start running the illustrative MNodeApp. Alternatively, the microcontroller controls the phone power switch in order to boot the phone and start the MNodeApp. Subsequently, the microprocessor resumes normal operations.

The method then proceeds to decision diamond 816, where a decision is made regarding thermal management. More specifically, remote battery/solar powered camera/monitoring systems may need to provide heating in order to maintain internal electronics above minimum operating temperatures in the face of lower external ambient temperatures. Heating can represent a significant power requirement for solar/battery powered systems in colder climates. A “thermal battery” technique is used to minimize overall energy consumption while maintaining the required minimum operating temperatures for internal electronics. The remote sensing device includes a method of thermal management that takes advantage of the diurnal cycle and utilizes a thermally insulated electronics enclosure to store thermal energy during periods when solar charging power is more abundant. This stored thermal energy enables maintenance of the internal electronics above minimum operating temperature at a lower overall system energy consumption than would otherwise be possible.

The illustrative algorithm for thermal management uses the internal electronics to measure input power from the solar charging system, the current battery states, the outside ambient temperature, and weather forecast. If the forecast calls for outside ambient temperatures significantly below the minimum operating temperature of the electronics, and the solar charging system is providing excess power above what is needed to maintain the batteries at desired operating levels, then the thermal management algorithm will “divert” some of this input electricity to the heating system. The heating system will thereby bring the internal temperature above the minimum operating temperature, even up to the maximum operating temperature of the electronics.

With this thermal management method, on days where a “cold night” is coming, any excess solar power input is converted to thermal energy and “stored” in the enclosure/electronics by virtue of the insulated enclosure. The system can be further enhanced by increasing the overall thermal mass of the system by including in the enclosure design, significant mass of metal, or other thermally conductive material, to further “store” the thermal energy.

As the diurnal cycle progresses and the ambient external temperature drops, the system will have reduced need to provide heating of the electronics due to thermal mass of the system. This reduces the overall power requirement for the system (batteries, solar panel capacity).

The illustrative thermal management system may be further enhanced by using an electrically-based cooling system (such as a peltier device) to maintain internal electronics below maximum operating temperatures. In this case, the maximum cooling requirement will coincide with the daytime and maximum solar capture period. However, the algorithm can be modified in this case to use any excess solar input power to cool the system below the required maximum upper temperature, and store the negative thermal energy to provide “carry over” cooling during periods when there is no excess solar input energy.

The method then proceeds to decision diamond 818, where a determination of frequency logging is made based on bandwidth and power consumption. A key parameter in a remote telemetry system is the utilization of both power and bandwidth for communications. Many aspects, such as the data logging frequency, are user-programmable and include a software function for providing automated bandwidth and power estimation in order to guide user expectations and programming of the system.

In the illustrative embodiment, the bandwidth estimator includes a programmable upload parameter. This parameter determines how often logged data is uploaded to the server. The system also includes user-programmable data logging statements. The data logging statements include the type of data to be logged (e.g., analog value, image) and the frequency of logging. The bandwidth estimator first calculates the amount of data that is expected to be logged during a given bandwidth usage period (e.g., month). The bandwidth estimator then inspects the currently programmed upload frequency. These values are combined to provide an estimate of the network bandwidth required during a given bandwidth usage period.

Some data logging can be programmed to occur based on external events (e.g., capture image when there is motion detected). In this case, the bandwidth estimator uses a fixed background frequency for that type of event (X times per day). This estimate then generates an expected amount of event-driven logged data that can be added to the scheduled data estimate.

The normal operation of the device is to remain in “sleep” mode unless there is an event-driven action (e.g., data logging) or a schedule-driven event (e.g., logged data). Power consumption in sleep mode is significantly less than when the unit is awake to process an event. The power estimator also operates on the scheduled and event-driven program settings of the device. Each scheduled or event-driven program is assigned a “processing time” required to take that action. For example, the time to wake up, take and store an image, go back to sleep. The power consumption of the device during this operation is known to the system for both sleep and “processing” states. There may be different power consumption values for different processing states (e.g., taking picture vs. logging data value). The total time required for all programmed and event-driven actions is compared to a given time period (e.g., per hour) to determine a “duty cycle.” This duty cycle represents the percent of time the system spends at each “power consumption level.” Thus, the total power consumption is estimated for the given programmed regime.

The method then proceeds to decision diamond 820 where the alarm verification process is initiated. Alarm verification refers to the process of having an alarm associated with a first sensor, e.g. motion detector, triggered by having detected a particular event, e.g. motion, and then proceeds to “verify” the event by using another sensor, e.g. a camera, to take a picture at the same time that the alarm was triggered. The illustrative example of alarm verification in a perimeter security system provides automatic alarm verification without requiring user communication or network traffic. More specifically, the MNode may be configured to have at least one “perimeter intrusion sensors,” such as passive infrared (PIR), infrared (IR) beams, fence-line vibration sensors, or other sensor that is capable of detection an event of interest such as heat, motion, or sound.

More generally, event evaluation is performed at decision diamond 822. Events are conditions that are periodically evaluated and result in action or alert. An action refers to starting or stopping a process. An alert refers to a notification that is sent to a particular user, group or autonomous monitoring entity. Event evaluation entails reading the most current sensor values, looking at programmed evenValarm specifications, determining the true events and/or alarms associated therewith and taking the prescribed actions. In this illustrative embodiment, the alarm verification is a species or type of the more general event evaluation process.

For example, when the MNode receives the signal over the wireless sensor network from any of the attached perimeter intrusion sensors, it automatically collects one or more images or video clips of the region covered by the intrusion sensor. The illustrative collected images are configured to be processed by the MNode software application to detect visual objects of interest, e.g. human or vehicle. The MNode software application may use any of a number of known algorithms for video motion detection, object detection, or other visual event detection, by means of the powerful phone processor, in order to carry out this visual detection onboard the phone. A positive detection results in a confirmed “alarm” that is then communicated to the user as an intrusion alarm. A lack of detection indicates that the intrusion sensor provided a false alarm.

Typical intrusion sensors, such as PIR, often have very high “false alarm” rates, i.e. a signal when there is no event of interest. This method of automatic visual alarm verification or event evaluation reduces the false alarms that the system user sees. By performing the processing for this event evaluation or alarm verification on the MNode, the process also reduces network traffic by avoiding sending of alarms or images that have not been verified.

In an alternative embodiment, the microcontroller operates a solar power management module that moderates the charging and discharging activities of the solar generator and battery associated with the node enclosure. In this embodiment, the microcontroller may initiate or terminate a battery discharge to the processor, digital camera, memory, and/or wireless communication interface based upon a state of the node, a light exposure, a time of day, a battery charge, etc. Thus, the solar power management module may cause the battery to charge the digital camera, processor, memory, network interface card, and/or a separate battery when the solar charge is sufficient instead of merely when electricity is being generated by the solar panel.

Referring now to FIG. 9A, there is shown a perspective view of an illustrative enclosure. In FIG. 9B there is shown a top view of the illustrative enclosure. The illustrative enclosure 902 is configured to receive a smartphone 904 that is electrically coupled to a smartphone connection 906. A microcontroller 908 is proximate to the smartphone 904 and two auxiliary batteries 910. The enclosure also includes a first connector 912 for power input from an illustrative solar panel. Additionally, the enclosure includes a second connector 914 that provides a USB for a hardwire connection to the microcontroller 908.

The auxiliary battery 910 is electrically coupled to the power management module and illustrative solar panels (not shown). The solar panels charge the auxiliary battery 910, which then charges the battery in smartphone 904.

The enclosure 902 also houses the thermistor, cooler, and heater elements. This enclosure seals these components from the environment and provides an appropriate thermal environment which can be temperature controlled to maintain internal temperatures within allowable range in the face of ambient temperature fluctuations. The enclosure 902 is fabricated from materials that do not attenuate RF signals in the bands used by cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC, and wireless sensor networks.

Additionally, the enclosure 902 incorporates one or more optically transparent windows 916. The smartphone 904 is mounted in the enclosure 902 such that the field of view 918 passes through the enclosure window 916.

An additional optional camera or other such sensor may be mounted in the same enclosure or a separate enclosure 902. The optional camera or sensor communicates with the smartphone via wireless (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) or USB. The illustrative sensor includes a wireless thermal infrared (TIR) or a passive infrared (PIR) sensor that can also be combined with a remote wireless illumination node. The illumination node can be powered by a battery, a solar panel, or the combination thereof, as described herein. The illumination node is a low power node that illuminates the vicinity surrounding the node location.

Referring to FIG. 10, there is shown a screenshot for an illustrative dashboard that logs data for the remote sensing system described above. The dashboard 1000 includes an image or video 1002 captured by a camera associated with the remote sensing device. In addition to the location 1004 of the remote sensing device being provided, the dashboard 1000 also includes power information 1006, device and network information 1008. Additionally, various system alarms 1010 are presented on the right-hand side of the user interface. At the bottom of the page, a chronological data log 1012 is provided that includes various annotations and recordings.

The illustrative remote sensing device, system, and method describe a smartphone programmed for remote operation that is housed in an environmentally controlled housing. The illustrative smartphone includes a microprocessor, non-volatile storage, an integrated camera, an integrated and/or modular battery, and at least one wired or wireless interfaces such as a point-to-point interface, LAN interface, a WAN interface, or any combination thereof.

Additionally, the remote sensors may be connected via the wired or wireless interfaces. Illustrative remote sensors include transducers and smart sensors. These remote sensors may provide input or output of analog or discrete values via connected transducers, switches, relays, and other such communication paths.

The remote sensing system also optionally includes one or more batteries that are housed in the environmentally controlled housing. An optional input for external power (from a main, or solar panel or other source) is managed by a battery charging circuit which recharges both the phone and any auxiliary batteries to maintain charge levels from external power inputs.

In yet another illustrative embodiment, the remote sensing system includes a networked system comprising one or more endpoints and a camera system node capable viewing the desired field of regard. The endpoints each include a solar panel, solar charging system, internal battery, low-power wireless communications interface, microcontroller, daylight sensor, motion detection sensor (such as PIR), and a low-power illumination module, such as LED.

For example, the endpoint collects power from the solar panel and stores it in the battery. The battery provides power to the other system elements. The motion detection sensor signals the microprocessor when motion is detected. Upon motion detection, the microprocessor sends a message over the low-power wireless communications interface to the camera system. Upon receiving the message, the camera initiates an image capture of either still images or video sequence. If the endpoint's daylight sensor indicates that it is dark, then the endpoint illuminates its area using the illumination module so that the camera captures an illuminate image.

In a further illustrative embodiment, the remote sensing system includes a camera system node that includes a low-power wireless communications interface enabling communication between the camera and the endpoints. The camera system may include a fixed camera or a moveable camera (pan-tilt zoom).

Additionally, an illustrative remote sensing method is embodied in a remote sensing application that communicates with the associated sensors/cameras of the remote sensing system. The illustrative software application may be configured based on the presence of, and/or sensed values from, the attached sensors. The illustrative software application and method handles the reading of the attached sensors/cameras, storage and timestamp of captured data, local data processing based on programmed configuration, issuing alarms to remote users per the configuration, uploading captured data to remote site per the programmed configuration, and controlling sensors per the remote commands or programmed configuration.

An illustrative apparatus is also described that includes a smartphone housed in an environmentally controlled housing that includes at least one sensor for detecting internal temperature of the enclosed phone and electronics, a cooling device for cooling the internal enclosure and electronics (e.g. as a Peltier cooler), a heating device for heating the internal enclosure and electronics (e.g. as a Peltier or resistive heater), a comparator circuit for comparing sensed temperature to stored desired min/max temperature ranges, and controlling heater/cooler devices to maintain an internal temperature within required ranges.

Referring now to FIG. 11 there is shown a method 1100 of operating a detection node. The method 1100 begins at step 1102 where a battery and/or solar power generator supply electrical power to a digital camera, processor, and memory mounted within the detection node's enclosure. After powering up, the processor initiates a software module operating thereon at step 1104, which begins the monitoring and detecting services for an area viewed by the digital camera.

In some embodiments, the digital camera, processor, memory, and wireless communication interface are embodied as smartphone components without the smartphone enclosure. Thus, the processor is wirelessly and communicatively coupled to a network component via a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a cellular network, or any combination thereof. The network component, which may also be referred to interchangeably as a “cloud computing component,” may include a remote data center, a server, a network of servers, or other remote compute power available generally via a network connection.

In the method 1100, an illustrative software module operating on the processor is a security and detection application that continuously records images or video images in the digital camera's field of view at step 1106. In other embodiments, the software module is a security and detection application that captures images at a predetermined rate, e.g., 1 capture/1 second, 1 capture/1 minute, 1 capture/10 minutes, 1 capture/1 hour and other such predetermined frequencies. Each capture rate may be associated with a power setting and/or a power consumption rate. Video data streams may be categorized based on a frame rate. In still further embodiment, the software module is an application that controls the resolution at which images and/or video are captured. The resolution may include a pixel count, a frame rate, 1080p, 720p, or any combination thereof.

At step 1108, a computer vision module operating on the processor filters the recorded video and/or image data. This filter may be objective or subjective. When the filter is objective, all data meeting an objective filter criteria are exported as data of interest for detailed analysis. When the filter is subjective for example, 5%, 10%, 25%, etc., of data most likely to contain matter of interest is exported for detailed analysis at a cloud computing component. These filters may be optimized for particular purposes, such as detecting motion/movement, detecting vehicles, detecting people and animals, etc. In one embodiment, a video motion detection filter is employed. In one embodiment, a Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) method is applied to captured data/video streams. The HOG method includes occurrences of gradient orientation in localized portions of an image or video, such as a detection window, the region of interest (ROI), among others. An advantage of HOG-like features is their simplicity, which makes them easier to understand.

In further embodiments, the video motion detection filter includes a Gaussian mixture approach for subtracting background signals. In still further embodiments, the video motion detection filter include a Bayesian based foreground and background segmentation. These background subtraction/segmentation methods focus on comparison-based techniques where one or more previous images/frames are compared pixel-by-pixel to a current image/frame. However, the differences of individual pixels are averaged with the values of neighboring pixels according a Gaussian calculation or Bayesian calculation. In other embodiments, the value of the same pixel in more than one previous image(s)/frame(s) are averaged based upon the Gaussian calculation or Bayesian calculation.

The video motion detection filter operates by comparing sequential frames in a video stream. When the computer vision module determines that a threshold amount of change has occurred from one frame to the next in the stream, the module determines movement was detected. Such a determination may further trigger the categorization and storage of the filtered video data as video of interest.

This type of comparative video motion detection operates on a pixel-by-pixel basis, comparing each pixel value in one frame to a corresponding pixel in the ensuing frame. Thus, the threshold may be a minimum number of pixels that must change in one comparison or over the course of several sequential comparisons. When more than the threshold number of pixels change as compared to a previous frame, the computer vision module may filter the later frame or a group of frames as being of interest. The threshold may be a sensitivity of the filter, which is modifiable by the user or automatically modified by the computer vision module based on feedback received from the network component. As such, the sensitivity may be increased by lowering the threshold, and the sensitivity may be decreased by increasing the threshold. In some embodiments, this pixel-by-pixel comparisons is based upon changing light/dark levels in the pixels. In other embodiments, the threshold is a percentage, i.e., when a threshold percentage of the pixels in a frame change or light/dark levels change, a change is registered by the computer vision module.

Generally, the computer vision module may filter 90%-95% of the recorded surveillance data out as not of interest, so that only 5%-10% of the total data captured is transferred to the network component for advance processing.

Thus, the computer vision module operates a preliminary filtration scheme that is optimized for the low power constraints of the autonomous detection node. The type of preliminary filtration scheme and/or the sensitivity of that scheme may be modified or increased/decreased by the computer vision module. In some embodiments, the computer vision module takes the action of switching from a first filtration scheme to a second filtration scheme in response to receiving feedback from a cloud computing component communicatively coupled to the computer vision module over the wireless or cellular network.

At decision diamond 1110 the filtered surveillance data is categorized as being of interest or not being of interest based upon one or more filters applied by the computer vision module. When some or any filtered surveillance data is categorized as being of interest, this data is exported 1112 over the wireless or cellular network to the network component. When no filtered surveillance data is categorized as being of interest, the filtered data may be temporarily stored at block 1114 and the method proceeds to decision diamond 1116 where the computer vision module and/or software module operating on the processor determine whether to continue surveillance operations.

When filtered surveillance data of interest is detected at decision diamond 1110 the filtered surveillance data is exported over a wireless network or cellular network to the network component 116 at step 1112. The method then proceeds to step 1118 for advanced analysis of the exported data at the network component 116. By way of example and not of limitation, the advanced analysis may be performed with a trained convolution neural network operating on the cloud computing component. In the illustrative embodiment, neural networks provide adaptive, use-case specific object recognition and tracking that may be tailored to the camera views and objects to be detected for each camera or security location.

Generally, a neural network is an interconnected group of artificial neurons that use a mathematical or computational model for information processing. In some embodiments, information processing by the neural network is based on a connectionistic approach. In further embodiments, the neural network is an adaptive system that changes its structure based on external or internal information that flows through the network. More generally, the neural network is a non-linear statistical data modeling and/or decision making tool used to find patterns in individual frames or throughout a video stream.

At step 1118 the nearly unlimited processing power of the cloud computing component are applied to the cycle intensive task of performing detailed machine learning-based processing on the exported data. In some embodiments, this processing is performed with neural network algorithms or other more advanced algorithms and deep learning, such as RCNN (Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks), Fast RCNN, Faster RCNN, Region-based Fully Convolutional Network (R-FCN), YOLO (You Only Look Once), SSD (Single Shot Detector), and Spatial Pyramid Pooling (SPP-net).

RCNN operates as a combination of region proposals with CNNs. RCNN localizes objects with a deep network and training a high-capacity model with only a small quantity of annotated detection data. RCNN achieves object detection accuracy by using a deep CNN to classify object proposals. RCNN has the capability to scale to thousands of object classes without resorting to approximate techniques, including hashing.

Fast RCNN is a training algorithm for object detection that addresses certain disadvantages of RCNN and SPP-net, while improving the speed and accuracy of detection. Fast RCNN training occurs in a single-stage, which reduces the computations required and allows for real-time operations.

Faster RCNN is an object detection algorithm that utilizes the Region Proposal Network (RPN) to share full-image convolutional features with the detection network. The RPN is a fully convolutional network that simultaneously predicts the object bounds, as well as object scores at each position of the object. RPN is trained end-to-end to generate high-quality region proposals, which are then used by Faster RCNN for object detection.

R-FCN is another region-based object detection algorithm. Unlike Fast RCNN or Faster RCNN that are costly per-region subnetwork algorithms, R-FCN is fully convolutional so that nearly all computation is shared on the entire image.

YOLO includes a unified architecture that is especially fast, processing between 45 and 155 frames per second depending a particular embodiment employed. YOLO operates by considering the whole image at test time so that its predictions are informed by global context in the image. YOLO makes predictions with a single network evaluation, instead of the several or thousands utilized by standard RCNN, Fast RCNN, or Faster RCNN.

SSD is a method for detecting objects in images using a single deep neural network. This approach discretizes the output space of bounding boxes into a set of default boxes over different aspect ratios. After discretizing, the algorithm scales per feature map location. An SSD network combines predictions from multiple feature maps with different resolutions to naturally handle detection of objects of various size. SSD completely eliminates proposal generation and subsequent pixel or feature resampling stages and encapsulates all computation in a single network. The SSD network is easy to train and straightforward to integrate into monitoring systems that require a detection component. Further, the accuracy of SSD is competitive with methods utilizing an additional object proposal step, which makes SSD much faster as well, all while providing a unified framework for both training and inference.

SPP-net is a network structure that can generate a fixed-length representation regardless of image size or scale. Pyramid pooling is robust to object deformations, and SPP-net in particular improves CNN-based image classification methods. In operation, SPP-net computes the feature maps from an entire image only once, then pools the features in arbitrary regions as sub-images to generate fixed-length representations for training the detectors. This provides the additional benefit of avoiding repeatedly computing convolutional features.

Captured video and image data is inherently unstructured, except with the possible regard of timestamps associated with each frame. One element of the processing performed at the network component is the transformation of the received unstructured data into structured data that has been categorized and/or classified based upon the content of that data.

In one example, structured data is classified as displaying motion, displaying a vehicle, displaying a person. In these examples, the displaying vehicle classification may include further sub-classifications, such as truck, company truck, car, company car, unidentified vehicle. For example, each image/frame may be classified according to quantity (number of objects, persons, vehicles) or type (person: employee, visitor, unidentified; vehicle: company truck, employee truck, employee car, visitor vehicle, unidentified car). Thus, a video frame that has been structured and classified may include multiple sub-classifications based upon the objects identified in the video frame or captured image. For example, a video frame that captured an image of a company truck and an employee car is structured and classified as displaying a vehicle, then multiple further sub-classifications are attributed to the video frame, such as displaying truck displaying company truck, and displaying car.

At decision diamond 1120, an advanced recognition software module operating on the cloud computing component determines whether any of the exported data trigger the issuance of a security alert. Exemplary triggers may include certain classifications of structured data, such as motion detected, or unidentified vehicle detected in an image frame or video stream. The security alerts may be generic or tailored to a particular trigger. Thus, in a broad embodiment, security alerts include: motion detected, vehicle detected, unidentified vehicle detected, intruder detected, and other such security threats. In narrower embodiments, the security alert may include unique identifying information, such as unidentified vehicle (plate no. XXXXX) detected, or unauthorized employee detected in secure area.

When the advanced recognition software module determines that any of the exported data triggers a security alert, the module determines a security alert type and/or alert value and generates a security message 1122 based upon the security alert type and/or alert value. When the advanced recognition software module determines that none of the exported data triggers a security alert, the module determines that a false positive occurred. In response to a false positive determination, the module may transmit a false positive message 1124 to the computer vision module on the processor. In another embodiment, the module may only transmit a false positive message to the computer vision module after the number of false positive messages reaches a threshold value. In a further embodiment, the module may only transmit a false positive message to the computer vision module after the number of false positive messages occurring during a certain time period reaches a threshold value.

After both steps 1124 and 1122 the method 1100 proceeds to decision diamond 1116 where the computer vision module and/or software module operating on the processor 110 or 314 determine whether to continue surveillance operations and proceed back to step 1106 where more surveillance is recorded, or whether to cease surveillance operations and terminate the method 1100.

The remote sensing system described above satisfies a plurality of key requirements that enables remote sensing system to support a variety of different features. The feature may be deployed at a low cost, consume low power, and have ability to support the local storage of data, operate on familiar software development platforms, provide multiples modes of communication, support an integrated data framework, and support user mobility.

Low cost is a key requirement because a given application may require hundreds or thousands of remote monitoring sites to implement an application. Total system cost—including hardware, software development, communications, installation, and maintenance—are critical to the applicability of the solution.

Low power is also a key requirement. Power supplies—including solar, batteries, and cabling—all grow the size, weight, and cost as a function of the power requirements of the device.

Another key requirement for remote sensing is the ability to provide local processing of data, because remote communications may be intermittent, have variable latencies, and incur communications costs. Some remote monitoring and/or control applications require data to be logged or acted upon within a fixed interval of time. Therefore, there is a requirement that the remote sensing system have the ability to perform some processing of the 10 data independent of any wide area communications or other system elements. Local processing of data also allows the sensing node to act based in sensed values, for example, only record images when motion sensor is triggered. Visual alarm verification onboard the smartphone can significantly reduce mobile communications costs, providing a significant commercial advantage.

An ability to provide local storage of data is another requirement for remote sensing. Remote communications to the sensing system may be intermittent. To ensure continuous monitoring and collection of data it is necessary for the remote sensing system to have local storage of data. Since a remote sensing system may collect many channels of data over long periods of time, it is beneficial to have a substantial amount of local storage capability.

Yet another requirement for remote sensing is a simple, flexible, well-known software development platform because some applications require specific logic to operate on the remote sensing device to implement the required data collection, control, or alarming functions. In order to facilitate development of this logic at the lowest cost, it would be beneficial to support a remote sensing platform that utilizes a widely available software platform for development and deployment of applications.

Multiple modes of communication are another requirement for remote sensing. In order to provide communications of data from the remote site to the user or central operations, and in order to provide remote control of devices managed by the remote sensing system, a communications capability is required as part of the remote sensing system. For reliability, and ease of deployment it would be beneficial to provide multiple modes of communication supported (e.g., Wi-Fi, Cellular, Satellite). Wireless communications are strongly preferred over wired in order to achieve simplicity and low cost installation and maintenance.

A further remote sensing requirement includes integrated analog, digital, and image and video data. Modern applications require both analog and digital 10 capabilities, as well as still and video data. To achieve the goals of simplicity and low cost, it is necessary to have a single integrated platform that can support the 10 and processing of analog, digital 10, as well as video and still imagery.

Furthermore, mobility is another requirement of remote sensing because some applications (e.g. transportation) require remote sensing system to move with the device (vehicle) or environment being sensed. It would therefore be beneficial for the remote sensing system to be capable of being used in fixed applications, mobile applications, or any combination thereof.

It is to be understood that the detailed description of illustrative embodiments are provided for illustrative purposes. The scope of the claims is not limited to these specific embodiments or examples. Therefore, various elements, details, execution of any methods, and uses can differ from those just described, or be expanded on or implemented using technologies not yet commercially viable, and yet still be within the inventive concepts of the present disclosure. The scope of the invention is determined by the following claims and their legal equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A remote sensing system comprising, an enclosure; a digital camera disposed within the enclosure, wherein the digital camera is fixedly coupled to the enclosure; a processor communicatively coupled to the digital camera, the processor including a power management module; a memory communicatively coupled to the processor; a wireless communication interface communicatively coupled to the processor, wherein the wireless communication interface communicates with a wide area network; a battery electrically coupled to the processor, memory, the digital camera, and the communication interface, the battery controlled by the power management module; a computer vision module associated with the processor and memory, wherein the computer vision module receives a plurality of images from the digital camera and filters the plurality images based on a pixel size threshold; and a network component communicatively coupled to the wide area network, wherein the network component receives the filtered images generated by the computer vision module, wherein the filtered images include an unstructured data set; and the network component converting the unstructured data set to a structured data set by classifying the unstructured data set with a machine learning module.
 2. The remote sensing system of claim 1 further comprising a microcontroller disposed within the enclosure, wherein the microcontroller includes: the power management module electrically coupled to the battery, and a microcontroller processor communicatively coupled to the processor, the microcontroller processor controls the power management module;
 3. The remote sensing system of claim 1 further comprising: the network component classifying the structured data set with the machine learning module according to a motion detected status and a motion not detected status.
 4. The remote sensing system of claim 3 further comprising: the network component transmitting a false positive message to the computer vision module when a data item of the structured data set is classified as motion not detected; and the computer vision module increases the pixel size threshold to reduce a filter sensitivity.
 5. The remote sensing system of claim 4 further comprising: the computer vision module decreases the pixel size threshold to increase the filter sensitivity when a number of false positive messages received during a time period is less than a false positive message threshold.
 6. The remote sensing system of claim 1 further comprising: a solar generator electrically coupled to the battery.
 7. The remote sensing system of claim 1 wherein the machine learning module includes an advance neural network algorithm.
 8. The remote sensing system of claim 1 further comprising: the network component classifying the structured data set with the machine learning module according to a vehicle detected value and a type of vehicle detected value.
 9. The remote sensing system of claim 8 wherein network component cross-references the vehicle detected value with the type of vehicle detected value to track a number vehicles present according to vehicle types including: company truck, employee truck, employee sedan, and unidentified truck.
 10. The remote sensing system of claim 1 further comprising: the network component generating an automated action when a triggering event is detected by the machine learning module, the automated action including transmitting a notification to security personnel.
 11. The remote sensing system of claim 1 wherein the digital camera, processor, memory, wireless communication interface, battery, and computer vision module comprise a smartphone.
 12. A remote sensing method comprising: capturing, by a digital camera, a video stream of a target area; storing, by a memory, the video stream, wherein the memory communicatively coupled to the digital camera; filtering, by a processor including a computer vision module, the video stream according to a pixel size threshold; transmitting, by a wireless communication interface, portions of the video stream satisfying the pixel size threshold to a network component over a wide area network, wherein the wireless communication interface communicatively coupled to the processor; converting, by the network component, the video stream portions into a structured data set by classifying the video stream portions with a machine learning module; and issuing, by the network component, a security alert when a portion of the video stream is classified as a security trigger.
 13. The remote sensing method of claim 12 further comprising: controlling, by the processor including a power management module, a battery output.
 14. The remote sensing method of claim 12 further comprising: controlling, by a microcontroller including a power management module, a battery output.
 15. The remote sensing method of claim 12 wherein the security triggers include video stream data classified as unidentified truck.
 16. The remote sensing method of claim 12 further comprising: transmitting, by the network component, a false positive message to the computer vision module when filtered video stream data is classified no detection.
 17. The remote sensing method of claim 16 further comprising: increasing, by the computer vision module, the pixel size threshold to reduce a filter sensitivity when a number of false positive messages exceeds a false positive message threshold value for a time period.
 18. The remote sensing method of claim 16 further comprising: decreasing, by the computer vision module, the pixel size threshold to increase a filter sensitivity when a number of false positive messages received during a time period is less than a false positive message threshold value.
 19. The remote sensing method of claim 12 wherein the machine learning module includes an advanced neural network algorithm.
 20. The remote sensing method of claim 12 wherein the digital camera, memory, processor, wireless communication interface, battery, and computer vision module comprise a smartphone. 